Iv catheter vs cannula. In practice it is important to understand .

Iv catheter vs cannula. Peripheral IV catheters come in different diameters, measured in gauge (G). 90 Reality that half this shit expires in one size or another before it gets used: 100% I’m losing the fight that regular nasal cannulas are dumb because pretty much any patient that needs O2 needs capno because the capno cannulas cost $14 and the regular cannulas cost $2, so I don’t expect to win this one. A peripheral venous catheter is a thin, flexible tube that is inserted into a vein. A single-lumen catheter, usually between ¾ and 1 in (1. Beyond basic knowledge, an advanced understanding of gauge selection can significantly enhance clinical practice, ensuring optimal treatment efficacy and patient comfort across various medical scenarios. We calculated the rate of inadequate contrast filling of the pulmonary vasculature and compared the rate for various IV catheter sizes and locations. Dec 14, 2023 · Learn how cannulas and catheters differ in functionality, design, and usage duration for various medical procedures. Central venous catheters (CVCs) are sized in French. Once the needle is inserted into the vein, the catheter remains in place, allowing for continuous intravenous access. The benefits of using closed cannulae are also described” Jane Shaw (2017). . Know which device is right for your IV therapy. It typically consists of a short, plastic catheter connected to an external hub for attaching IV lines. In medicine, a peripheral venous catheter, peripheral venous line, peripheral venous access catheter, or peripheral intravenous catheter, [1] is a catheter (small, flexible tube) placed into a peripheral vein for venous access to administer intravenous therapy such as medication fluids. long polyurethane catheter; midline cannula; mini-midline; peripheral intravenous catheter; Seldinger catheter; short midline catheter; short long line; ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter. This article explains the difference between an IV cannula and an IV catheter, their uses in clinical settings, and which one is best for different medical needs. Discover the differences between these two methods and the Apr 17, 2023 · Background Intravenous (IV) cannulation is a technique in which a cannula is placed inside a vein to provide venous access. The main types of cannula are : Peripheral IV cannula: They are most commonly used for patients in emergency, surgery units, and those undergoing radiation imaging. As a leading IV Cannula Manufacturer in India, Denex International brings you a comprehensive guide to the parts of a cannula, unravelling the complexity and significance Understanding Intravenous (IV) Catheter Sizes IV catheter selec,on is determined by the pa,ent’s clinical status and the type/amount of intravenous therapy needed for immediate treatment. Mar 5, 2009 · Upon visualizing a flashback of blood, the hollow IV cannula is threaded over-the-needle, and guided directly into the lumen. Types of IV lines (catheters) and ports IV lines (catheters) and ports are both used in cancer treatment to deliver medicines or draw blood, but in different ways. Nov 24, 2022 · The differences between the short peripheral intravenous catheter (SPIVC) and the long peripheral intravenous catheter (LPIVC). J Vasc Access 2015; 16: 233–236. Even Nov 21, 2023 · Learn what cannula is. To establish whether blood samples taken from used peripheral intravenous cannulae are clinically interchangeable with venepuncture. Over the years, the use of long-term intravenous devices such as peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC lines), midlines, and implantable ports has expanded significantly, both in hospitals and outpatient settings There is a wide variety of techniques to secure intravenous cannulas but little objective evidence to support their relative efficacy. Traditionally, these devices come with wings and ports, but an emerging trend is gaining attention – the IV cannula without branches and ports. There are two main types of cannulas: intravenous (IV) cannulas and nasal cannulas. Nov 27, 2024 · Intravenous (IV) cannulation is a critical medical technique that allows direct and rapid access to a patient’s veins for delivering fluids, medications, or blood products. I’m protesting by not using regular The use of blood control IV catheters helps reduce a clinician’s risk to blood exposure from spillage, and helps reduce the need for additional cleanup time and materials. May 16, 2021 · The IV cannula is usually used in hospitals and IV infusion clinics. From standard recommendations to assessing complications, this blog aims to be An intravenous catheter (also called an IV drip, an IV line or intravenous cannula) is a short, hollow tube placed in the vein to allow administration of medications, fluids or nutrients directly into the bloodstream. Jun 10, 2025 · Device structure Parts of intravenous cannula include 1,3: needle: sharp, beveled-edge, hollow metal needle that guides and is inserted along with the catheter part of the cannula into the vein; after successfully securing the catheter in the vein, the needle is removed and safely discarded Jan 6, 2025 · A cannula refers to a small tube that is inserted into a body cavity, duct, or vessel for medical purposes. Cannula Example: An IV cannula placed in a vein for administering antibiotics. It is usually inserted into the lower part of the arm or the back of the hand. The nurse typically places this type of IV in either the arm or hand. , The integrated short peripheral cannula: a new peripheral venous access device?, The Journal of Vascular Access, 2021. Cheap catheter: $2. Abstract: Undertaking peripheral intravenous (IV) cannulations and the management of cannulae are associated with the risk of blood leakage or spillage and blood exposure. Peripheral venous catheter. A full family of closed system and blood control catheters with integrated needle safety. Integrated (Nexiva closed IV catheter system dual port with SmartSite needle-free connectors, BD) (a) and non-integrated (Introcan Safety 3 catheter, B Braun) (b) peripheral intravenous catheters considered in the survey Jul 25, 2012 · Closed IV catheter systems integrate individual components usually assembled by the clinician during the insertion of a peripheral IV cannula. Jan 16, 2023 · In conclusion, understanding the difference between a cannula and an IV is vital for healthcare providers to ensure safe and effective patient care. It is attached to an IV catheter, and a tape is used to hold it to the skin. These are short term or transient use. Feb 18, 2025 · Safety Clips for IV Cannulas/IV Catheters Safety Clip is a safety device used to fix and protect IV Cannula. By the 1830s, “small silver tubes” were used [5] and following this, a multi-use steel needle with an internal stylet was developed [4 Feb 8, 2025 · What are the indication for midline catheter insertion? Use of midline catheters are indicated when a patient requires intravenous therapies and blood sampling for about 2 to 4 weeks. May 18, 2023 · Introduction: Intravenous (IV) cannulas, also known as IV Cannula / IV Catheter, play a crucial role in modern healthcare, allowing for the administration of fluids, medications, and blood products directly into the bloodstream. Opponents argue the practice increases the chance of haemolysis, risk of infection and device failure. Open cannulae are the most common type of peripheral IV cannulae used in the UK. This ensures comfort for patients, while offering added value and safety to clinicians and their practices. Feb 10, 2022 · Different Types of IV cannula sizes There are different types of IV cannula sizes in a clinical setting. IV Catheter: An IV catheter, on the other hand, comprises a hollow plastic tube inserted into a vein, providing a conduit for prolonged intravenous therapy. Apr 27, 2023 · This can prevent the need for repeated needle sticks if you need ongoing treatment. 7 Feb 11, 2022 · IV cannulation (IV catheter) is the process in which the cannula is inserted into a vein to provide venous access for delivering medication. Discover the significance of each color, the versatility of different sizes. g. This practice can reduce frequency of venepuncture and patient discomfort. This process involves blindly pushing the flexible hollow cannula forward, past the needle, and deeper into the lumen of the vessel. While peripheral IVs (PIVs) are more common, doctors and nurses also use peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC lines) when a patient requires fluids, medication, nutrients, or chemotherapy for extended periods of time. While IV catheters offer secure and continuous access, cannulas may be more suitable for patients requiring long-term therapy or those with delicate veins. Learn the cannula definition, types of cannulas, and the proper nasal cannula placement Peripheral line placement, also referred to as peripheral intravenous (IV) cannulation, is the insertion of an indwelling single-lumen plastic conduit across the skin into a peripheral vein. Yes, some CVCs like multi-lumen access catheters (MAC) can be wonderful for massive resuscitation, but the traditional CVC is horrible compared to large bore peripheral intravenous (PIV) catheters. In Summary While the terms can overlap, it's important to remember that a cannula is a type of catheter, specifically designed and often used for IV access after introducing it into the body (typically a vein) with a needle. Feb 10, 2017 · It’s this last one that bothers me. catheter Cannulas and catheters are both flexible tubes that can be inserted into veins or cavities to remove or introduce fluids, provide medication or withdraw blood. Selecting the appropriate IV catheter gauge is crucial, impacting fluid administration and patient outcomes. Important Rule of Thumb: Oct 18, 2025 · Understand the key differences between an IV cannula and an IV catheter, from usage and duration to insertion sites. IV cannulas consist of short, flexible tubing that are placed into a vein and are usually used for blood transfusions, blood draws, administration of medication, and providing fluids. Nov 1, 2023 · A peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) is a small flexible tube inserted into a peripheral vein for administration of fluids, medicines, blood or diagnostic purposes [1, 2]. Peripheral IV vs. In this article and video, I'll discuss the three most common IV gauge needles you'll encounter as a nurse: 18 gauge, 20 gauge, and 22 gauge. A catheter is a small hollow tube placed in the vein. Listen to nurse Nancy L. Choosing the Right Option When deciding between an IV catheter and a cannula, healthcare providers must consider factors such as the patient’s condition, the duration of treatment, and the specific requirements of the medical procedure. The cannula’s primary function is to provide temporary access to the bloodstream, making it ideal for short-term intravenous therapy. for the delivery or removal of fluid or for the gathering of samples and Catheter is a medical device Mar 25, 2021 · Cannula vs. CVCs are inserted into large central veins, such as the subclavian or jugular Let's see, below, more details. It is used to give intravenous fluids, blood transfusions, chemotherapy, and other drugs. Efficacy and ease of use of an intravenous catheter designed to prevent blood leakage: A prospective observational trial. ) A small tube of metal, wood, or India rubber, used for various purposes, esp. IV lines (catheters) are tubes that go directly into the body and are partly on the Image 1: a peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC); Illustration by The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne A midline is a type of peripheral intravenous catheter which is usually between 5-10cm long and inserted into the brachial or basilic veins in the upper arm. The reason for the study being suboptimal, and the size and location of the IV catheter, were abstracted. A catheter, on the other hand, is a flexible tube inserted into the body for removing fluids or introducing them. Intravenous catheters, also known as IV catheters, are essential supplies for patient care in both hospital settings and on-site emergencies. This is where a safety cannula proves to be invaluable. Sep 15, 2021 · Article 32: SSCP (Summary of safety and clinical performance) Difference between IV Catheters and Peripheral Catheters Intravenous Catheter or Intravascular Catheter: Intravenous (IV) therapy involves the delivery of medication, blood, or fluids directly into the bloodstream. for injecting or withdrawing fluids. This comprehensive guide will delve into the intricacies of IV cannula sizes, colors, flow rates Nov 18, 2020 · Intravenous (IV) therapy involves the delivery of medication, blood or fluids directly into the bloodstream. The first reported device, made from a feather quill, was in the 1600s [3, 4]. Join us on a journey through the intricacies of IV cannula lifespan as we explore the factors influencing their duration and unveil best practices for ensuring optimal patient care. Jan 26, 2023 · Figure 1. Cannulas are used for fluid delivery or extraction, while catheters are versatile for drainage, medication administration, and diagnostic interventions. Distinguishing Features: Size: Central Venous Catheter vs. Let’s look at this in terms of catheter flow rates. catheter Cannula price in Pakistan Conclusion Feb 22, 2025 · Examples Catheter Example: A Foley catheter inserted into the bladder to drain urine. While both are used to assist in medication delivery and fluid administration, they have distinct differences that make them suitable for Apr 7, 2024 · IV line parts The three basic parts of the IV line are (1) the IV bag or bottle, (2) the IV tubing, and (3) the cannula. 50 Cheap extension: $1. This is a common medical procedure. Although they both deliver solutions into the body, an IV cannula is often confused with an intravenous catheter. Such devices may be referred to as peripheral IV (or venous) lines, cannulas, or catheters depending on the country. There are a variety of options available, and a venous access device must be selected based on the duration of IV therapy, type of medication or solution to be infused, and the needs of the patient. Jul 13, 2021 · When a peripheral cannula is used for a long time and intermittent medication, an IV extension set should be attached to it to prevent micro-movements of the cannula, preventing its unintended removal and thereby prolonging its use. catheters are designed for easier penetration, smoother travel through tissue and better blood flow*. The main difference between Cannula and Catheter is that the Cannula is a tube that can be inserted into the body, e. The characteristics of an effective closed-system catheter An article published in the British Journal of Nursing, " Clinical use of a closed-system safety peripheral intravenous cannulas " 1 highlights what the advantages and characteristics of a closed-system catheter. Denex International, a leading IV Cannula manufacturer, understands the significance of choosing the right IV cannula for various medical applications. Systematic review. Nov 8, 2024 · Rapid Infusion Catheter (RIC Line)OVERVIEW rapid infusion catheter (RIC) USES rapid IV fluid and blood product administration DESCRIPTION guidewire venous catheter — short, wide bore, can be sutured in dilator (catheter slides off this) METHOD OF INSERTION IV cannular inserted Seldinger technique dilation and insertion of line suture or dressed in place Alternative insert 20G or larger Dec 8, 2021 · The differences between scalp vein set and IV catheter are based on site of insertion, main use, sealing, complication, expenditure, etc. IV CATHETERS From traditional devices to our more unique products, Terumo’s I. IV catheters have needles, which helps the nurse penetrate and access the vein, and once in place, the needle is retracted, leaving behind a plastic cannula (a small straw-like part of the IV) that remains in the vein to administer fluids, medications, and so forth. 3 Types of Venous Access Safe and reliable venous access for infusions is a critical component of patient care in acute and community health settings. While the I. Intravenous Administration of Contrast Agents for Enhanced CT or MR Scans in Adults Peripheral IVs PICCS (peripherally inserted central catheters) Chest Ports Central Lines Dialysis catheters should not be used to administer contrast agents IV cannulas inserted into the Internal or External Jugular Vein Safe intravenous access, for the injection of intravenous contrast, is vital in obtaining Intravenous (IV) therapy is a cornerstone of modern medicine, providing essential pathways for administering medications, fluids, and nutrients directly into the bloodstream. Oct 27, 2025 · Learn the difference between inserting an IV catheter traditionally vs the BD Nexiva™ and BD Nexiva™ Diffusics™ closed IV catheter systems. This study compares the security of the two most common methods used within a major Australian Emergency Oct 8, 2007 · The incidence of thrombophlebitis following the use of two types of cannulae, a new generation polyurethane cannula Biovalve PUR and a polyurethane hybrid co-polymer Vialon cannula, was compared in a Mar 8, 2019 · Sampling blood from a peripheral intravenous cannula offers an alternative to venepuncture. PICC line A PICC (peripherally inserted central catheter) line is a type of central venous catheter. Each of them has specific characteristics: Peripheral intravenous catheters (cannulas) PIVCs vary between 3 and 6 cm in length and are commonly placed in the veins of the upper limb, distally to the antecubital fossa, and terminate Nov 21, 2024 · In the landscape of modern healthcare, peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion is a cornerstone procedure, critical for the administration of therapies, medications, and fluids to a wide array of patients in a variety of settings. Two commonly used devices in healthcare settings are the IV cannula and catheter. While IO catheters had been advocated as a safer and more reliable means of vascular access than steel IV needles, the introduction of plastic cannula shifted practice back to IV infusion and led 8. Feb 11, 2022 · Intravenous cannulation is a process by which a small plastic tube (a cannula) is inserted into a peripheral vein for therapeutic purposes. In practice it is important to understand Apr 17, 2023 · Background Intravenous (IV) cannulation is a technique in which a cannula is placed inside a vein to provide venous access. 5 cm) long, is inserted into the patient’s vein. What are the different types of cannulation? Explore peripheral, arterial, intraosseous & nasal cannulation process & benefits! Sep 19, 2022 · 2- Cannula Size 16G 3- Cannula size 18G 4- Cannula size 20G – Mostly used cannula type in clinical settings 5- Cannula size 22G 6- Cannula size 24G IV cannula size for baby IV cannula size for adults Nasal cannulas sizes and flow rates Uses of cannula IV cannula uses Nasal cannula uses Cannula vs. IV Cannula vs Catheter: A Detailed Comparison When it comes to medical procedures, decisions about the types of devices to use can significantly impact patient outcomes. Peripheral Intravenous Catheters A peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) is the most common type of IV. Jul 25, 2023 · Peripheral line placement, also referred to as peripheral intravenous (IV) cannulation, is the insertion of an indwelling single-lumen plastic conduit across the skin into a peripheral vein. These substances pass through the IV tubing, a conduit between the IV bag and the cannula. However, there are some key differences between the two. As the leader in PIVCs, with the Introcan Safety family, we offer a portfolio of blood control passive safety catheters to meet your clinical needs. These devices are inserted by specially trained practitioners. IV Cannula An IV cannula, also known as an intravenous catheter, is a thin, flexible tube inserted into a vein to administer fluids or medications. Feb 16, 2024 · Explore the comprehensive guide to butterfly cannula sizes, colors, and uses. Mar 12, 2023 · Learn about the differences between IV infiltration and extravasation, including their causes, signs, symptoms, and nursing interventions. These catheters are often replaced every three to four days to try to prevent irritation of the vein or infection of the blood. Dec 15, 2023 · In intravenous therapy, the duration an IV cannula can remain in situ is crucial, impacting both patient comfort and medical efficacy. 3 Haeseler G, Hildebrand M, Fritscher J. When the guide needle is pulled out of the peripheral intravascular catheter, the safety clip automatically closes, thereby preventing the user from being stabbed by the needle and reducing the risk of blood spillage and contamination. IV Cannula vs IV Catheter: What’s the Difference? In modern healthcare, the terms IV cannula and IV catheter are often used interchangeably. Example Sentences: (1) At the same time the duodenum can be isolated from the stomach and maintained under constant stimulus by a continual infusion at regulated pressure, volume and temperature into the distal cannula. The proposal of the authors is to define once and for all a univocal name, to avoid confusion related to this type of devices. Unlike IV catheters, cannulas lack a plastic sheath and are typically used for shorter durations or when only a single dose of medication is required. Trick compare open and closed IV catheters in the “Safe connections in vascular access management” webinar. Nov 4, 2022 · 14 gauge catheters are the largest variety of IV catheters, measuring 2. Explore what cannula is used for. 1mm in external diameter. Venous access allows sampling of blood as well as administration of fluids, medications, parenteral nutrition, chemotherapy, and blood products. Peripheral What's the Difference? Central venous catheters (CVC) and peripheral intravenous catheters (PIV) are both types of medical devices used to administer fluids, medications, and other treatments directly into the bloodstream. V. Sep 17, 2024 · Unlike an IV cannula, which specifically denotes a device with a needle that is withdrawn, an IV catheter may include devices such as central lines, peripheral lines, and other specialized access Oct 5, 2025 · Understand the key differences: what is a cannula vs catheter? Learn about their distinct uses, types, and insertion procedures in this comprehensive guide. An over the needle FEP large-bore cannula inserted into a large vein is likely to give a greater flow rate than a Seldinger type polyurethane catheter and would be preferable if all other factors are equal Jan 5, 2024 · Welcome to the intricate world of medical devices! In this blog post, we will delve deep into the Parts of Cannula that constitute a cannula, shedding light on the critical elements that make up this essential medical tool. Different Types of IV Gauge Needles: 18, 20, and 22 Gauge Needles. Nov 30, 2024 · Intravenous (IV) therapy is a common procedure in healthcare used to administer fluids and medications. Closed-system peripheral IV cannulas have been shown to be safe and more reliable than open, non-valved peripheral cannulas in clinical practice. Nutrition IV therapy can be given in the hospital, clinic, doctor’s office, or even at home. Sep 16, 2024 · IV cannula, as they are often more colloquially known, or intravenous catheters, are among the most significant medial accessories employed within a hospital, clinic, and other ambulatory care settings. This small, flexible tube is inserted into the vein and ensures a smooth and efficient flow of treatments or fluids into the Definition: (n. Central venous catheters are similar to peripheral IVs, but they’re longer and thicker. In this post, we are Choosing between an IV catheter and a cannula requires careful consideration of patient needs, procedural requirements, and healthcare provider expertise. On the other hand In medicine terms the difference between catheter and cannula is that catheter is a small tube inserted into a body cavity to remove fluid, create an opening, distend a passageway or administer a drug while cannula is a tube inserted in the body to drain or inject fluid. Most complications are non-infectious, but local site and bloodstream infections can also occur. The components incorporated into these new devices can include the IV catheter, a stabilisation platform or feature, an extension set and a needle-less access site. French size and Cannula: Understanding its Functionality A cannula, also known as an intravenous needle, is a rigid needle that is directly inserted into a patient’s vein. Sep 28, 2025 · In modern healthcare, the terms IV cannula and IV catheter are often used interchangeably. This article will explore the Tube inside tube? Why Foley catheter not foley cannula? Why VA-ECMO have venous and arterial cannulas instead of venous and arterial catheters? Why angiocath instead of angiocan? IV catheter selection is determined by the patient’s clinical status and the type/amount of intravenous therapy needed for immediate treatment. Oct 30, 2023 · A cannula is a thin tube inserted into a vein or body cavity to administer medication, withdraw fluids, or insert surgical instruments. PubMed, Web of Science and Embase were searched for relevant trials. (2 An intravenous catheter (also called an IV drip, an IV line or intravenous cannula) is a short, hollow tube placed in the vein to allow administration of medications, fluids or nutrients directly into the bloodstream. By understanding the unique characteristics of each tool, medical professionals can tailor their approach to ensure safe and effective treatment for every patient. They typically measure 45mm in length and have a maximum flow rate of around 250 ml/min. Intravenous Catheter (IV Cannula) What is an Intravenous Catheter or IV cannula? An Intravenous Catheter (IV cannula or peripheral venous catheter) is a catheter (small, flexible tube) placed into a peripheral vein (usually in a Patient’s arm or leg) in order to administer medication or fluids. However, when using standard cannulas, healthcare personnel face a significant risk of needlestick injuries. cannula serves as the access point to the patient's vein, the IV system as a whole facilitates the controlled administration of fluids and medications. Peripheral venous catheters are often used when a patient requires long-term access to the vascular system, such as for the administration of intravenous (IV) fluids or medications. Unlike the cannula, a catheter’s presence remains in the vein for an extended duration, facilitating continuous drug administration or blood withdrawal. A cannula, on the other hand, is a shorter, narrower tube that is inserted into a vein and advanced only a short distance into the vein. What is a Cannula? A cannula is a thin Dec 13, 2023 · In medical care, Intravenous (IV) cannulas play a crucial role in ensuring effective and efficient delivery of fluids and medications to patients. Aug 15, 2021 · Peripheral venous catheters can be divided into three groups: peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs); long peripheral catheters (LPCs); midline catheters (MCs). Used for at most four days. The IV bag contains the fluid, with or without medications mixed with it or blood. The smaller the gauge number, the larger the catheter diameter, which allows for a higher flow rate. Apr 24, 2025 · This cohort study analyzes the association of dwell time with the risk of bloodstream infections during peripheral intravenous catheter maintenance therapy. Peripheral intravenous (IV) cannulas are the quickest and most effective way of gaining venous vascular access and administering IV therapy. Dec 12, 2023 · IV cannulas, commonly known as catheters, are thin tubes inserted into a patient’s vein to administer fluids, medication, or blood products. 9 and 2. Dec 24, 2024 · An IV Cannula 26G is composed of a thin, hollow needle surrounded by a flexible plastic catheter. The IV cannula, also referred to as an IV catheter, plays a pivotal role in this process. However, not all IV cannulas are the same, as different types are designed to meet specific patient needs and medical requirements. Healthcare providers use IV cannulas, also known as IV catheters, in this process. Upon insertion, the line can be used to draw blood. A randomized controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of Vialon™ cannula versus polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) cannula in terms of indwelling time and complications in patients requiring peripheral intravenous cannulation. Other uses of midline catheters include: Difficult peripheral venous access Frequent phlebotomy Limited venous access on admission Steroids Fluid restricted patients IV drug abuse Diabetic patients Receiving In peripheral vein cannulation, a plastic catheter (cannula) is inserted into a peripheral vein, typically using a catheter-over-needle device. Mar 25, 2022 · Intravenous (IV) cannulation is a technique that involves the placement of a small plastic tube (cannula or venflon) in to a patient's vein to provide venous access. Catheterization begins when the tip of the plastic IV cannula enters the vessel lumen. However, there are important differences in design, application, and usage that every healthcare professional should understand. This article introduces the Smiths Medical DeltaVen closed-system peripheral IV cannula and includes three Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) are the most commonly used invasive medical device in health care with an overall failure rate of 35–50%. It is usually associated with a trocar. Trials which compared blood 2 Pinelli et al. fjej3 ub7gkz ojjoyuc c9 by5f20w xft xyvx 5dwn gu yry1